International Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

What International Law Is - Essay Example In an interesting twist of paradox, despite the pervasive and dynamic nature of international law, there has never been any lawmaking organ for the same. On the contrary, international law is a culmination of international accords, compromises, charters, conventions, agreements, protocols, memoranda, tribunals, and treaties. The history of international law can be traced as far back as 1815 when Austria’s prince Klemens W. von Metternich led other leading diplomats such as France’s Prince Talleyrand, Britain’s Duke of Wellington, Russia’s Tsar Alexander I, and Prussia’s King Frederick William into the Metternich System. This congressional approach to diplomacy is alternatively known as the Concert of Europe or the Congress System. From this development, international relations is seen to have developed, as Britain, Russia, Prussia, France and other players met in succeeding convents in the Congress of Vienna and Aix la Chappelle (1818). Imperialism and the quest to garner as many colonies as possible created the need to meet and draw out laws that would regulate how states related, even as they clamored for colonies. It is at this point that colonies’ and protectorates’ geopolitical boundaries were mapped out during the 1884-5 Berlin Conference to stave off the possibility of war in Europe over colonies. In this conference, the frameworks for public international law were laid, albeit in a remote sense. The League of Nations also served as a rallying point for international law, as states came together under its auspices to prevent a repeat of World War I. Of particular importance is Woodrow Wilson’s Fourteen Points, which strongly laid foundation for international trade, diplomacy, territorial integrity (in relation to the sea, land, and air), and human rights and freedoms among other principles. Although Wilson’s proposals were not adopted fully, one can see that they greatly upheld public and pri vate international law. As time proved the goals of the League of Nations untenable, the United Nations came up on June 26th, 1945, to facilitate international law, security, and socio-economic development. Over time, the United Nations has come to be the key platform upon which international law and diplomacy are deliberated, entrenched, and ratified. The UN has mechanisms that deal with thematic issues such as treaties, the law of seas, progressive development, and codification of international law and the internal justice system of the UN. Likewise, the UN has international courts and tribunals, legal training, resources, centers, and UN bodies to preside over international legal matters. Some of these bodies include the International Law Commission, the General Assembly Sixth Committee, and the UN Commission on International Trade Law (Rabkin, 2005). Together with sovereign states, all these organs play a crucial role in the generation of international law. Substantive differenc es between municipal (domestic) and international law abound. While municipal law governs intra-state relations, international law does inter-state relations. Secondly, the principal goal of municipal law is to ensure the existence of judicial and legislative systems that can enforce laws and  settle disputes effectively, on the one hand.

Entrepreneurial Finance Course Essay Example for Free

Entrepreneurial Finance Course Essay ICampus: download case study + 6 questions (9am to 6pm end) Doyen A015 to A023 : we have the locals: tell him what we want (we have to book the locals) Entrepreneurial finance Different case studies cover the four parts (follow the IPO of Facebook) Project assessment: some toughts on business plan case studies: the knots and cachet tehnologies Introduction All these elements fits together. Business plan has to be written. Not a real predictor for success. People: ask you some questions Deal: as you do for edocs. Introduction Key elements that predict success. * Team : you need good managers Not only a good team but a team that fits with the project * Are you able to defend or create a competitive advantage? Is it special? Are people ready to pay for it? =gt; KEY * You have to know the different steps * How to extract value? You should make money! That’s key. For example: Facebook: out of the market in 5 year? Maybe. Not succeeding on smartphones! Are they ready to make money? Extract money from your customers? * Context * Deals should have the rights incentives. You have to find the right partner who ad value not only funding. * .. People To success you need the right person. For example: cachet technologies: lack of management. Opportunity Market: what is the size of the market? The growth rate? Attractiveness of industry: obvious Customers: Selling price is not a production cost + margin. It’s what your customer is ready to pay. When your able to produce this at a lower cost, you make a margin. What is the cost to acquire a new customer? Important. And how to retain a customer? Difficult or not? Competition: Very good market and customers BUT maybe the competition is very hard. Chance of success will be maybe very low. Pay attention. Graphical tools to understand a business model Sales forecast selling price cost =gt; makes you able to calculate the future cash flow. Usely it is like on the graph. Scenario 1 is what you expect but in real life it’s usely scenario two (more time to make money) or scenario three. When you negotiate you first funding, you know you will need a second round (scenario 2). (Give not to much right in the first round to the funding persons) What’s acceptable? Context * Legality? * Today is not the best market to raise money or to go to an IPO * Today? I believe smartphones is an opportunity. Deals Find the right partner! He may understand what you are doing. Everyone has to understand the terms. * Because you need the right incentives. The two parties have to be comfortable. * .. * .. * The right incentive: the profit of the entrepreneur is in line with the success of the company. He has to share the success of the company. Or to lose all his money in case of not success. * .. Case studies The Knot * We asked us these questions. No one had experience in retail services * Barriers for entry were very low so they need to create a brand. * .. * Internet was a very fast growing market. * 1997: a lot of venture capitalist were very active to spend their money on internet. Today? Two sectors. Biotechnology (here in LLN! ) amp; Green energy? (funding comes more from state etc. ) amp; applications on smart phones. * Basic principle: the source of value is cash flow! What is the capacity of this company to generate cash flow! You cannot value a company when you say we will have 1 million customers. Like Facebook 100 billion Where comes the value from? Not from the cash flow they are making today. They make 1 billion cash flow today You want to pay 100 times this They want to raise 10 billion in their IPO (22-28 â‚ ¬ per share) It could make sense if they will made a cash flow of 15 billion/year. Is Facebook capable? If you want to speculate, cash flow does not matter. But if you want to invest, look at the cash flows. (here, in the course, we think investors) Types of securities: the entrepreneur needs to share to company success. It’s like an option. Preferred convertible. Founder: 100 VC: 100 If lt;100 all the money goes to the VC (they protect themselves) * Or you failed: the VC takes all te money and sell your company Or you succeed and the VC helps you with your IPO. There is not really a situation between the two. Cachet Technologies Main question: do we continue the project? Dilemma: Two options:

Corporate Culture Essay -- Business Company Goals Essays

Corporate Culture Utilising the video case study of ‘Egg Finance’ (Slave Nation, Channel 4), critically examine the extent to which corporate culture is used as an effective tool for the achievement of organizational goals. Corporate Culture is widely used in many organisations and has a variety of definitions. It has been defined by Koozes, Caldwell & Posner cited by Moorhead/Griffin, (1989:494) as: â€Å"a set of shared, enduring beliefs communicated through a variety of symbolic media, creating meaning in people’s work lives.† The argument to be taken in this essay will identify the usefulness and necessity for corporate culture to gain organizational success. In order to do this the argument will be utilized by supporting the theories of Emile Durkheim, Carol Axtell Ray, Terrance Deal and Allen Kennedy. Qubein (1999:2), cited by Sadri and Lees, states that,† corporate culture encompasses several key elements.† He adds, â€Å"It is fostered not merely by a mission statement, but by a clear corporate vision which is a mental picture of the company’s desired future.† It is not only the managers who should have this clear vision, the employees ought to perceive this as well. They should feel the need that they want to help to achieve the organizations goals. When organisations follow corporate culture, they try to make their employees feel that they belong and are accepted for who they are, thus making them want to work for the company. Attempt is made to make the employees feel that their organisation is their religion. This has been clearly demonstrated in Egg Finance. Corporate culture has been extensively used in Egg Finance, and in doing so have captured the hearts and minds of their employees. Each employee working for Egg Finance feels that â€Å"Egg† is their life. They feel safe and secure and feel that they are affiliated to the company. Carol Ray (1994) agrees with this as being part of corporate culture as she states that:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   â€Å"a corporation’s culture has an important purpose to promote a sense of belongingness to the employees.† This has definitely worked for the employees at Egg. They even go to the extent of calling themselves an â€Å"egg person.† This ties in with the corporate cultural belief of Emile Durkheim and his approach. Egg Finance have tried to create an â€Å"Egg World† for their employees. They have many out-of-work... ...cess of the company. As Edgar Schein portrays it, â€Å"The right kind of culture will influence how effective organisations are.† (Edgar H. Schein, 1992, Organisational Culture and leadership) Works Cited †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Thompson, P., & Mchugh, P. 2002, Work Organisations. 3rd ed, Palgrave, New York. †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Channel 4 Productions, 2000, Slave Nation, Egg Finance. †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Huczynski, A., & Buchanan, D. 2001, Organisational behaviour: An introductory text. 4th ed, Prentice Hall. †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Moorhead, G., & Griffin, R. 1989, Organizational behavior. 2nd ed, Houghton Mifflin Company, U.S.A. †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Sadri, G., Lees, B. 2001, â€Å"Developing corporate culture as a competitive advantage.†; The Journal of Management Development, vol. 20, no. 10, pp. 853-859. †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ogbor, J.O., Jesse J.H.2001, â€Å"Critical theory and the hegemony of corporate culture†; The Journal of Organisational Change Management, vol 14, no. 6, pp. 590-608. †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ray, Carol in Clark, H et al, 1994, Organisation and Identities, Chapmen 2 Hall. †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Schein, E.H. 1992, Organizational culture and leadership. 2nd ed, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Schermerhorn, J. 2002, Management. 7th ed, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Cougar or Coyote Essay

The trickster is an important archetype in any religion or myth because it provides an outlet for all of the chaotic and destructive emotions and tendencies of a people that are controlled by a larger social construct. It is through a trickster figure that people of a religion or society are able to explore the more untamed side of their nature while additionally presenting them with the consequences of those desires. The trickster is a figure that at once both mocks social morals and at the same time also reinforces those morals by showing the pandemonium and trouble that arises if the people do not follow the rules that are in place. The trickster also allows the people of a religion to express ideas and desires that might not ordinarily be acceptable in their society. In this way the trickster plays a very important and cathartic role in a religion or myth. Penelope, from Homers The Odyssey, is a woman of grit and spirit. Ellen Shull declares in her essay â€Å"Valuing Multiple Critical Approaches: Penelope, Again†¦ and Again† that Penelope is â€Å"the paragon of resilient womanhood† (32). However, a trickster god, like Monkey from Wu Ch’eng-en’s novel Monkey, and a mortal woman like Penelope appear to have nothing in common. Their roles are so different and their apparent purposes are even more so. On the surface it may seem as though Penelope from The Odyssey shares very little resemblance with a trickster god. However, when one takes a closer look the similarities become more obvious. Penelope is at once a powerful figure that adheres to the social norms of her patriarchal society while still rebelliously challenging the acknowledged rules of how a woman should behave. This can be seen as how a trickster like Monkey is used in myth to subvert a society’s own beliefs. Penelope is the other side of the coin of what it means to be a trickster. She is the female version as it were. Penelope may not be male, amoral, animal, or supernatural but she is cunning, childish, inventive, and she also a subversive figure within her patriarchal society. The most obvious source of incompatibility of Penelope being a trickster is that she is female while the trickster is usually a male like Monkey. Now, unless Penelope was even more deceitful than anyone had ever imagined then it is safe to say that she is not a trickster god based on that one quality alone. Leeming states that the trickster is â€Å"always male† (163). Obviously, Penelope is not male which means that she is, according to Leeming, not a trickster god, no exceptions. But if Leeming were to make an exception then Penelope would be one. Penelope is a woman who must work against all the restrictions and suffocating bounds that her society uses to leash women in order to trick the people surrounding her and she does. â€Å"She deceives the suitors and even her own husband† (Mueller, 337). Penelope even has long lasting deceptions that fool people for years. The sexual organs Penelope was born with seem to be of little importance when compared to the massive opposing powers and influences that she if forced to undermine and battle against. The next point of disparity between Penelope and a trickster figure like Monkey is that the trickster is seen as a philandering, unprincipled, hooligan. The trickster is considered to be an ethically neutral figure with a propensity for getting into humorous predicaments. Leeming calls the trickster â€Å"amoral†¦outrageous†¦ [and is] untamed by the larger social conscience†). Monkey is a perfect example of this side of a trickster. Monkey is not exactly immoral he just has his own sense of what the right thing to do is and he is overwhelmingly selfish. Every action and quest he takes at the beginning of his story is motivated by his desire to be immortal and to gain power. Even when Monkey protects his other monkey subjects he does so because he wants to maintain his kingship more than out of a fear for their safety and wellbeing. One could even posit that the monkeys would be better off without him because he brings the wrath of heaven down upon them. Monkey has all these qualities that Leeming states a trickster is comprised of. Penelope, on the other hand, is none of these things. In fact, she is usually remembered for her faithfulness to her husband even though he was gone for twenty years. Penelope â€Å"waits in Ithaca for Odysseus. She looks after his home, his son and his estate. She weeps lonely tears but nothing induces her to betray her husband and to neglect her duties, not even under pressure from the suitors does she contemplate infidelity† (Smit, 393-394). Her unwavering loyalty to her husband and her devotion to the gods are not the sort of characteristics seen in the trickster who typically represents lower or baser instincts and functions. Penelope is a classy lady but again she also has that side to her that rebels at the rules of her culture. Some might even call her a vain tease for keeping her suitors around for so long while never picking one or giving in to their masculine power. Penelope, also, does not fit in the trickster category because she is only human while a trickster is usually an animal. Leeming states that a trickster â€Å"takes animal form† (163). Monkey obviously fits into this category. Not only is he a monkey but he has mystical origins. He was born from a stone. In fact Monkey’s animal form is a point of ire for him because he in Monkey he tries become more and more human-like. He starts wearing clothes and stands upright in an attempt to appear more human. This fight between animal and human characteristics is vital in a trickster figure because that animal quality is in part what allows them to get away with their mischief. Penelope is no dog. Or any animal for that matter. She is in fact a very desirable woman with scores of suitors fighting for her hand in marriage. This does not help her in the trickster category but it does, however, show how her beauty and desirability are in part what allow her to get away with her schemes. Her beauty can even be seen as her animal side because it basically serves the same function that the animal form serves the trickster. An animal form, or in the case of Penelope, her beauty, is a metaphor of who they are and it allows them to be more completely that character and it allows them to do things that would not ordinarily be acceptable within that society. Penelope’s beauty is what allows her to subvert her patriarchal culture because her beauty gives her power over her suitors. She is a woman but she uses that to her advantage. It could also been seen that being a woman in the time of The Odyssey was akin to being an animal because it was such a male dominant culture where woman were little more than chattel or bargaining pieces. Maybe Penelope has more trickster qualities than are first apparent. The last way that Penelope does not fit into the trickster category is that she has no supernatural powers. Leeming â€Å"† (). She has no magical powers which show even further how she is not like a trickster. The trickster is almost always a supernatural figure. This category obviously denotes that a trickster has otherworldly abilities with which to influence outcomes. Penelope works entirely in the realm of her intelligence to bring about the results and tricks that she has concocted. This can make Penelope seem as being more skilled than a god who needs magic to bring about the outcome that he so desires. When compared to Penelope supernatural powers might be viewed as cheating.

Indiana Jones the Movie, Analysis of Hinduism

rough copy : indiana jones temple of doom movie review in relation to hinduism. what it got right, wrong and why Dr. Henry â€Å"Indiana† Jones, is known as a famous character protagonist of his own movie, television, and comic book franchise: known for his love of adventure and signature crack of his whip makes for a good time at the cinema, and does well at the box office. In his first ever on screen full feature movie adventure â€Å"Indiana Jones: The temple of doom† directed by Steven Spielberg, and produced by George Lucas â€Å"Indie† travels to the great vastness known as Asia, specifically the nation of India, or what’s depicted as India anyways.Within the first 10 minutes the vague credibility of the film goes downhill and go for the worst. In most cases to the untrained eye, the story line still looks accurate, but with any, even basic prior knowledge the errors are easily apparent. While many parts of the movie are relatively close to real Hind u life in India, like: the presence of a Thugee Cult, the government in India at which the time in the movie takes place (set in 1935), and the religious and political structure of India. Besides these components most other depictions involving India or Hinduism, provide false facts.In my opinion three of the most significant wrong-doings in the film are: the falsified history of Kali, the inappropriate religious/divine being shrines and temples, and most of all the location of the film that creates the religious basis for the entire movie. The question to be asked in this instance is did the producer, George Lucas make these religious aspect errors by lack of research and investment, or intentionally? The stereotyping of Hinduism in this movie is inaccurate and offensive to Hindu culture. This movie, though action packed and entertaining, has many easily visible faults.The first, which you notice within the first scenes is the false location of the movie. Even though the location i s not directly in violation of Hinduism, and doesn’t affect the ability to create realism within the film, it dies set the bases of all the Hindu practices, and is the cause of most other wrong-doings in the movie. Before the movie even began shooting, it, even though uncommonly known to the public, had the script run by the Indian government (the most Hindu rich nation in the world, and the basis of the movie) and had it’s filming abilities in the country suspended, and ltimately got the producer and film team banned from the country. Therefore the actual filming of the movie took place in Sri Lanka and Brazil. The film was banned on grounds of injustice of the culture, the script depicting all of the Hindu nature as a demon-like paralleled to the Thugee cult, which is greatly untrue. Thus making the location the basis for the injustice of the film. The second most significant error made in the film of my opinion is the story/ history of Kali.Kali, better known as the goddess Parvati, the mother goddess of Hinduism and leader of the shakti energy path and consort of Shiva. One of her many forms is Kali, along with Durga and many others. Kali is the fierce destroyer of evil, and the center item of worship in the Thugee cult. The errors involving Kali include instances like: in the scene after the battle of Indiana Jones and the Thugee cult leader on the destroyed bridge over the chasm, Indie states (right before sending his opponent to his death) â€Å"You can burn with Kali in hell†.This statement raises two problems; the first being the concept of hell, and Hindu no matter which yoga path, theistic or non-theistic, does not believe in the concept of hell or place of eternal evil damnation, but only in reincarnation and achieving moksha. The second being that if there was a hell or place of evil, the fact that Kali belongs there or that Kali is viewed as â€Å"bad†. Kali is the fierce destroyer of evil, and protector of the good, d eserving great appreciation. (Even if she doesn’t look so good with her mask of ugliness, you shouldn’t judge a book by it’s cover)The last, and one of the most blatantly ridiculous mistakes made within the movie is the false/wrongly used religious and divine shrines and statues. Hindu’s use deity statues and shrines to give thanks or â€Å"puja† to the deities. These statues can range from depictions of Shiva to Ganesha or any of the other three million deities. The mistakes made under this category vary, but the most common are the use of statuettes from other religions, fake/ made up gods, or use of statues that are not gods.Examples of this are in the scenes in the Thugee cults â€Å"lair† or temple, where they actually use Mayan deity sculptures in place of Kali sculptures, most likely to depicted as a more ferocious character. This affects the whole layout of the temple, and the Thugee ceremony no longer has any remote resemblance to t hat of a genuine Thugee ceremony. Thus adding to the horrifying action but tremendous inaccuracy of the movie. And unfortunately this only begins the immense amount of inaccuracies within the film. The extent of the true accuracy in the movie is quite small to what someone would expect.So little is accurate you have to search for factual information, and give pity for the producer, almost like saying â€Å"at least you tried†, and instead of giving him a gold star he gets a sort of cheesy smiley face sticker that no one really wants as a reward. The three most significant true to life facts, I scraped together from the film are as follows: the basis of the Thugee cult, India’s depicted government at the time (1935), and the religious and political structure in the movie (federal, and municipal).The main type pf Hinduism displayed in the movie was that of a cult in asia from the early 1400’s to the late 1830’s called the thugees. This cult was never recogn ized as an actual part of the Hindu religion, and was suppressed by the British government because of malpractice. This cult would practice in secret, in informal places of worship (like one of the cult members homes), the basis of the belief and the practiced ceremonies were to please the goddess embodiment of Parvati named Kali.To show their devotion to her, they would offer human sacrifices as a form of Puja. They would do this by kidnapping random travelers in India (to not raise an suspicion) and would sacrifice them in front of a Kali sculpture by strangulation and suffixation. This practice is what the ceremonial sacrificing in the movie remotely resembles, and most likely where Mr. Lucas got the idea. The next accuracy is the government in the movie, and its true reality to life at the time.This is significant to the religious standings in the movie because in 1935, Britain had claimed India as a colony, and therefore disrupted many of their religious practice and replace th em with their own. This caused tension between the British and Indian governments, and was visible during the dinner scene at Bangkok palace between the British ambassador and the Indian royal regent to the child king. Lastly The municipal and federal government structures, are relatively true to even modern day culture. In majorly religious cultures, like that of India religious hierarchy’s and political governments are combined and intertwined.Meaning many religious figures, like priests and guru’s also hold political power, which truly keeps religious qualities in mind while created laws to benefit people in reality and spiritually. This is scene in the movie in two cases; one, when the child king is also a major component of the thugee ceremony and it vital to its practices, and two, in the town where the children were stolen from the priest and community leader (like a mayor) are equals in the society. Unfortunately this is really all the movie got right, but it d id make for a good action flick, and Harrison Ford was pretty easy on the eyes.Indiana Jones and the temple of doom was an action movie of its time, earning great reviews from everybody everywhere in America. Western culture ate up the story line, the action of the fighting scenes, the compassion for the kidnapped children, and the cute romance between Indie and a strange club singer. Western culture truly have no clue about other religions besides there own. The Hindu culture is nothing like that portrayed in this film, but would anybody enjoy the movie if everyone got along and shared the prasad of the puja like one big happy family?No. Movie goers want to see action, they want to see the weird stuff other people do (even if it’s fake), and they want to see one of their own people defeat the evil doers of others, it brings a sense of pride. I believe Mr Lucas intentionally made these mistakes to play to the viewers needs to make a successful movie. Mr Lucas achieved his goa l but paid the price with realism, and the fact he can never go to India on vacation which would make a really cool holiday.

United Nations Approach to Ending Ethnic Conflict essays

United Nations' Approach to Ending Ethnic Conflict essays For virtually all of history, ethnic divides have been a major source of conflict among the world's peoples. Whether it's slavery, ethnic isolationism, religious dogma, or egocentric bigotry, people have an historically innate distaste for the different. One of the many challenges in effecting peace in the face of ethnic conflict is that there are often several causes for mutual hatred rooted deep within quarrelling cultures. These causes are generally factors of social cleavages, or, the "divisions in a society that arise from differences in demographic and socioeconomic attributes" (Emizet). These attributes include gender, religion, place of residence, occupation, education, income, class, and institutional affiliation (Emizet). Basically, people are different, and this causes tension. Regardless of the individual motives for such discord within a state, social cleavages (in relation to ethnic conflict) can generally be construed as differences in societal values held by clash ing ethnic groups. Certain values are shared by particular pockets of society, and these very firm and divergent standards influence their actions within civilization. This variance in values can explain virtually all international and ethnic struggles. If only every nation could somehow adopt similar social standards, ethnic conflicts and conflicts in general would greatly diminish. On December 10, 1948, the General Assembly of the United Nations proclaimed the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, in an effort to quell social conflicts common throughout the world (UDHR). Worldwide observance of "universal" rights was a promising solution to these ideological differences experienced by clashing ethnicities. This document seeks to recognize innate human rights and values "that transcend borders, cultures, societies and ideologies" (UDHR). Although distinctly partisan and "Western" in influence (which will be discussed later in this paper), this idyl...

A Look At Hollow Men Summary English Literature Essay Essays

A Look At Hollow Men Summary English Literature Essay Essays A Look At Hollow Men Summary English Literature Essay Essay A Look At Hollow Men Summary English Literature Essay Essay as in, TheA Is are non here. There are no independent personalities or egos among the group. Hope continues to melt, as the stars fade or die off. The vale leads us to believe of one a celebrated Psalm from the Bible, that goes, Even though I walk through the vale of the shadow of decease, I will fear no immorality, for you are with me ; your rod and your staff, they comfort me ( Psalm 23 ) . They are in a vale of decease, but there is no 1 at that place to soothe them because they neer joined with God. The Hollow Men each used to hold their ain lands literally or metaphorically but these lands have been lost or broken like a jaw. Why a jaw? We re non sureaˆÂ ¦maybe you can state us! At any rate, here the lone true land is the Kingdom of God, and they had their opportunity to fall in it but did non. Lines 57-60 In this last of meeting topographic points We grope together And avoid address Gathered on this beach of the tumid river We eventually larn where the Hollow Men are gathered: on the Bankss of a swollen or bombastic river. They are huddled together as if they were traveling to be washed off. The river is practically overruning with H2O, in contrast to the waterlessness of the work forces and the desert around them. This is the last topographic point that they will run into before they face some more awful destiny. The river most likely represents Acheron, subdivision of the fabulous River Styx in Greece that souls must traverse into decease. To do the trip, you would hold to pay Charon, the ferryman, a coin to take you on his boat. Unfortunately, no 1 has arrived to take these psyches across. They are stranded. There s nil left to state about their dire state of affairs, so they avoid address. InA Canto 3 of DantesA Inferno, Dante asks his usher Virgil why psyches are so eager to acquire across Acheron, and Virgil responds that God s justness spurs them on so that they really want to acquire to Hell Oklahoman. But the Hollow Men ca nt even acquire to Hell. Lines 61-67 Sightless, unless The eyes reappear As the ageless star Multifoliate rose Of decease s dusk land The hope merely Of empty work forces. The Hollow Men are eyeless, like a clump of belowground worms, but if the eyes return their vision could be restored. Their lone hope is if the celestial eyes come back as a star. This star would be ageless or ageless, unlike the attenuation or deceasing stars in the desert. By now you ve likely noticed that Eliot is throwing about symbols like confect at a Fourth of July parade. A multifoliate rose has many petals. Here once more Eliot is mentioning to conjecture who? Dante Alighieri. In DantesA Paradiso, the concluding vision of Eden is of a flower made up of saints, angels, and other illustrations of goodness and virtuousness. The community of Heaven is like a rose with petals made of people. Dante besides compares Mary, the female parent of Jesus, to a rose. The point of these lines is that the Hollow Men can non salvage themselves. They have no hope except for the Heavenly souls to come down and reconstruct their vision of truth and goodness. Lines 68-71 Here we go round the prickly pear Prickly pear bristly pear Here we go round the prickly pear At five oclock in the forenoon. Admit it: if you had to blindly wait on the Bankss of a river until the terminal of clip, you might fall in custodies and get down singing Here we go round the mulberry shrub, excessively. And if you did nt hold a mulberry shrub, good, so you d merely hold to sing about the bristly pear cactus. Here we go round the mulberry shrub is a kids s vocal about people dancing around the shrub so early in the forenoon. Eliot really gives the clip at which they are dancing: 5 oclock in the forenoon. Harmonizing to one commentary on the verse form, 5:00 a.m. is the traditional clip of Christ s Resurrection ( beginning ) . The Resurrection is the most of import minute in the Christ narrative, but here the Hollow Men are executing a kids s dance around a cactus, wholly incognizant of the significance of the clip. Lines 72-76 Between the thought And the world Between the gesture And the act Falls the Shadow If you look back to lines 12-13, you ll retrieve the list of losing necessities, or things that are missing some indispensable constituent, like gesture without gesture. In this concluding subdivision of the verse form, Eliot presents a similar thought. For the Hollow Men, some cryptic shadow has fallen between some possible for action and the action itself to forestall them forA doingA anything. They have thoughts but can non convey them into world. They can travel but non organize their motions into action. The shadow falls like an Fe drape to barricade their purposes. Line 77 For Thine is the Kingdom The Hollow Men get down to state portion of a supplication but do non complete it. For Thine is the Kingdom is portion of the stoping to theA Lord s PrayerA that goes: For thine is the land, and the power, and the glorification, for of all time and of all time. Amons. You get the feeling that if the Hollow Men couldA justA get to the terminal of the supplication, possibly they would be saved. You ll detect that the word land has been used a batch in this verse form. God has his everlasting land in Heaven, and the Hollow Men had their lost lands. Lines 78-83 Between the construct And the creative activity Between the emotion And the response Falls the Shadow Life is really long Here comes that Shadow once more. Concept is the minute of gestation or the beginning of thought, but creative activity is when that being comes into being. An emotion is a mental province, but a response is an action ensuing from that province. The shadow prevents one thing from taking of course to the other. If you went to the physician and he or she tapped your articulatio genus with that small gum elastic cock, and you had no physical response, it would be a job. The stanza ends with the beginning of another statement: Life is really long. You can about here the Hollow Men suspiring tiredly as they say that, as if they are bored and worn down. Compared to infinity, of class, life is pretty short. Lines 84-91 Between the desire And the cramp Between the authority And the being Between the kernel And the descent Falls the Shadow For Thine is the Kingdom The verse form gives three more illustrations of the Shadow s dirty work. It prevents desire from going the cramp of sexual satisfaction that is, climax. It besides comes between possible or authority and being, and between the higher kernel of things and the descent of this kernel into our physical universe. In instance Eliot is acquiring excessively philosophical, here s a simpler manner of seting it: the Shadow prevents things that should of course follow from one another from go oning. The stanza ends, once more, with a fragment of theA Lord s Prayer. They still ca nt state any more than this one portion of the supplication. Lines 92-94 For Thine is Life is For Thine is the The Hollow Men repeat the disconnected lines from the terminal of the last three stanzas, but this clip chopped down even further. They merely drag off, as if they ca nt retrieve how the remainder goes or hold slipped into some semi-conscious province. Cut them some slack, though: their caputs are filled with straw. Lines 95-98 This is the manner the universe ends This is the manner the universe ends This is the manner the universe ends Not with a knock but a whine. They pick up once more with another brainsick version of the Mulberry Bush vocal. The vocal provides small lessons about how to make jobs around the house, like This is the manner we wash our apparels and This is the manner we sweep the floor. ( Read the full vocal. ) ( Wow, that vocal is wholly merely a manner to flim-flam childs into making work! ) In Eliot s version, the Hollow Men are singing about how the universe ends as they dance around the bristly pear. These lines are the most celebrated and often repeated lines in the verse form. The universe ends non with a knock like you might anticipate, with some immense war between angels and devils, but with a whine, like a defeated puppy. The inquiry is, does the universe terminal this manner for everyone, or merely for the Hollow Men? Keep in head that they are the 1s singing. The terminal of the universe is, in a word, anticlimactic.

Critical Lens Essay

Critical Lens Essay A critical lens essay is a type of essay where students ability to think critically and express their ideas in the written form is estimated. Generally, it requires three major skills: reading, critical thinking, and writing. Critical Lens essay generally follows a fixed essay format: introduction, three body paragraphs, and conclusion. What Is a Critical Lens Essay A critical lens essay is a type of essay where students ability to think critically and express their ideas in the written form is estimated. Generally, it requires three major skills: reading, critical thinking, and writing. Careful preparation for essay writing is no less important than writing itself. ESSAY WRITING TIPS AND TRICKS This type of essay (see all types of essay) is often used during written examinations when the assignment is given in the form of a statement or a phrase, and students are asked to relate it to one or two pieces of literature. Critical Lens Essay Structure Critical Lens essay generally follows a fixed essay format. In the essay, a student has to discuss two literature pieces and 3 literary terms. In addition, a student needs to know capitalization rules and write them correctly. All titles are capitalized. Book titles are underlined and short stories are put in quotes. Generally, an essay consists of the following elements: Introduction The first sentence introduces the quote itself. Next sentence one should give the students interpretation of the quote to show how the student understands its meaning. Next, outline whether you agree or disagree with this quote, mention the books you are going to talk about in your essay and explain how your quote relates to them. Remember to spell, capitalize and punctuate all titles correctly. It is advisable not to use personal pronouns like: â€Å"I, you, we, me, my†; in contrast, it is better to substitute them with third person pronouns or alternative words like ‘they’, ‘readers’, ‘people’ etc. Three Body Paragraphs Paragraph  1. In the first body paragraph,  restate the quote in your interpretation. Paragraph 2. In the second body paragraph, mention the titles of the first literature piece you are going to analyze and briefly mention how it relates to the selected quote. Paragraph 3.  In the third body paragraph, speak about the second literary piece and explain how you think it relates to the quote you have selected. In order to back up your quote, you will need to use specific examples from each novel. Another thing: dont forget to connect the book back to the interpretation of your quote. Conclusion Your conclusion sums up the main thoughts of the essay. It is strongly recommended not to repeat your introduction verbatim. Don’t forget to end your essay with the quote that opened it. CRITICAL ESSAY FROM A TO Z Steps on How to Write a Critical Lens Essay STEP 1. Read the quote attentively. STEP 2. Try to rewrite the quote in your own words. STEP 3. Analyze the quote. STEP 4. Decide whether you agree or disagree. STEP 5. Name the two literary pieces that support your position. STEP 6. Think of a short summary of the two texts and express how they support/don’t support the quote. STEP 7. Try to use literary elements into your argument, but dont overdo it. Use it in the introduction and the first body paragraph. STEP 8. In the  first paragraph, focus on the book you have read and explain how the text supports your understanding of the quote. STEP 9. If one paragraph appears to be too long, you may break it up into two smaller ones. STEP 10. In the second paragraph, you should use the same order but now write about the other text. STEP 11. Make a short summary of what youve written – that’s your conclusion. STEP 12. Restate your thesis and explain how the texts you selected  to support it. CRITICAL ANALYSIS Necessary Literary Elements Keeping the structure in mind, you should not forget to use the following literary elements: Figurative Language: use the simile, metaphor, alliteration, personification and hyperbole correctly. Flashback: be able to describe the past event at present. Foreshadowing: use name hints or clues that suggest some events that may happen next. Plot: follow the correct sequence of events which took place in the literary piece. The point of view: give your own point of view. Setting: show your knowledge of the time and place of the action in literary work. Theme: show your understanding of the central idea of the literary work. Tone: use your specific attitude towards the audience or subject. Be able to add to your interpretation of the quote the details from the books you read.  If you follow all the tips you will create an intelligent critical lens essay and will easily convince the reader that you are aware of your topic to the smallest detail. The main thing you need to keep in mind while creating your critical lens essay is to persuade readers to accept your viewpoint. Place an order and our professional academic writers will help you find the right reasoning to do that!

Critical Analysis of Linked Lesson Plans Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Critical Analysis of Linked Lesson Plans - Essay Example This criterion pertains to the match between the lesson’s objectives and the activities included in the plan or what would actually transpire during the lesson. Veal and Anderson (2011, p. 97) argued that this evaluation framework is appropriate method of evaluation because it can be tailored specifically for the plan and could enable an examiner to tie it with the specific events of the class. In addition, it will also contextualize the lesson plan and the entailing activities within the teacher’s teaching capability, style and value systems. Hence, the main question of efficacy would be answered with the extent by which the activities and actual lessons are aligned with what the teacher want to accomplish. In addition, this can further be supported by an adherence to system and structure. Session 1: Dancing the Elephant This lesson plan is designed for Physical Education class. The objective is for the students to learn basic dance movements. This was complicated by a dditional aims such as the opportunity to choose and apply skills and actions in sequence and in combinations. The teacher also wanted to integrate some social elements by having students observe and copy others, becoming aware about concepts of rhythm, movement and expression in the process. For these purposes, the teacher designed an activity that will revolve around the elephants. Using the animal, primarily through the song L’Elephant, it was expected that the students will be able to depict dance stances through imagination and personal experience. The activities provided by the lesson plan can be structurally divided into three parts or stages. The first is the use of the L’Elephant music. Secondly, there was the explanation of the elephants, how they move and how such movements could be mimed into dances and graceful movements with the aid of sound and imagination. Finally, there is the learning of a dance sequence created based on the previous activities. These lesson elements would collectively call a high degree of skill from the teachers because they involve not just close and strong participation from students but also the strength of their imagination. If one is to assess whether these activities are aligned with the objectives, the answer will be positive. However, to implement the activities in such a way that it achieves the intended aims may be difficult. The use of L’Elephant song is not enough. Asking the students to be imaginative based on this music is problematic. There are students who do not know about it and the music itself is not very expressive of the concept of elephants that this activity calls for. This is like asking for creativity among the students within a vacuum. What the teacher could do was to edit L’Elephant and use it as a score for videos or slideshow of elephants at play. According to Lavin and Lavin (2008, p. 7), creativity will not flourish in this kind of situation because there needs to be a firm foundation for the skills in order for creativity to flourish, otherwise, the students could abandon the promising creative approach. One can just consider the student’s reaction from an objective point of view: He would listen to L’Elephant. Besides the title, the music does not tell much about the animal. When he is told to imagine the animal, he would probably think about the slow moving ones at the zoo or those gentle characters in literature such as Horton by Dr. Seuss and Hathi in the Jungle Book. Imagining

Jus 102 3 short paper see below Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Jus 102 3 short paper see below - Essay Example This type of leadership has been proven to make a positive impact to the subordinates by making them exert more effort in their work areas and to comply with rules and regulations. In Transaction leadership style, police leaders who practice this model are said to rely more on rewards and punishments and they tend to act only in situations where there are deviations from expected behaviour and service delivery of their subordinates. This model has lesser positive impact on the subordinates than transformational style but individuals who are less self-motivated express a liking of this model (Avolio, Sosik, Jung, & Berson, 2003). Mixed style leadership is where a police leader combines both the transactional and transformational leadership. According to research done on this models of leadership, it is said that those who practice mixed style leadership are more effective leaders than those who just practice the transformational type. In addition to this there is active leadership and role modelling where leaders are said to be active, they set a good example and employ role modelling tactics including on acceptable cultures of the police force and integrity, unlike the transformational leaders who rely heavily on mentoring and inspiration motivation. They influence subordinates behaviour than the transformational leaders. In situational leadership, leaders modify their behaviours to suit the context. This include the years of experience of their subordinates and their ranks. In addition, Participative leadership involves encouragement of subordinates to involve themselves in decision making so as to be committed and satisfied with their different jobs. Lastly there is the inactive leadership model where police leaders fail to lead effectively. This model has negative impacts on the subordinate’s willingness to work. The

INTERMED MACROECON Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

INTERMED MACROECON - Essay Example It basically measures output and thus is a totally different concept from GDY (Gross Domestic Income) because the latter measures incomes. Also, only domestic production is counted in GDP and no foreign or abroad output. The calculation of GDP is facilitated by the use of price indices whereby current prices are measured against the price of a base year and thus, changes in the level of output are measured every year. Output and GDP changes are positively correlated. GDP is not directly impacted by a change in the level of prices and interest rates but indirectly, they bring about changes in employment levels and therefore, GDP is indirectly affected by these variables. APE (Aggregate Planned Expenditure) APE is the measure of total goods and services demanded by all the sectors in a country. Because it is the demand which creates GDP in domestic market, APE in reality also includes foreign imports which tend to increase the APE. In order to arrive at the actual APE, all imports (F) are subtracted from the sum total of household consumption (C), business investment (I), government purchases (G) and exports (X). Mathematically, it is denoted by the following formula: APE= C + I + G + X –F Variables affecting the APE are GDP and the interest rate levels. For GDP, the change is positive, strong and quick while for interest rates, it is slow, negative and weak. However, APE is not directly affected by price level changes. ASF (Aggregate Supply of Funding) To measure and define ASF, it is first essential to understand the meaning of velocity of money (V). V is the number of time a dollar is used to purchase goods or services within a year. Also, funds in a country can be categorized in currency and coins (CC) and checking account balances (CA), the sum of which gives us the money supply (M). While M increases with the increase in bank lending, V increases with the increase in non-bank lending. As such, ASF comes out to be: ASF= (M * V) / p where p= price inde x Consequently, change in ASF is directly proportional to a change in interest rates while it is inversely proportional to change in price levels. ADF (Aggregate Demand for Funding) Concept of ADF creeps in when we establish equality between APE and GDP. In case of APE almost equal to GDP, ASF supports the funding of production as well as sales. However, when APE is less than GDP, producers and businessmen need additional revenues to compensate their bills and costs. It thus follows that ADF equals APE when APE equals GDP. However, ADF equals GDP when APE < GDP. Chapter 2 Plotting GDP on a graph When plotting the macroeconomics variables of GDP, APE, ASF and ADF, the vertical axis is the interest rate level (i) and the other three are shown on the horizontal axis. Since interest rate level has no direct impact upon GDP level, the GDP line goes vertical unaffected. It just moves right or left by the amount of change in GDP. Adding APE to the graph To plot APE line on the graph, use o f the following formula is done which has already been discussed above: APE= a + b (GDY) – ci. The slope of the APE line is always to the left and upwards because rise in interest rates signifies fall in APE. Another line called IS which is not a measuring unit, depicts all the combination of interest rate levels and GDP at which GDP equals APE. The Macroeconomic Coordination Process tends the three lines to intersect at common points whether they shift to the right or left

Paraphrase 2 body paragraphs Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Paraphrase 2 body paragraphs - Essay Example During the leadership of her husband, she assisted him greatly. She was strong in supporting her husband and the government (â€Å"Eleanor Roosevelt†). Very notably, she was very active in many human rights activities. We see that the challenges of her life did not stop her from being a hero since she had extraordinary mental strength. Truly, Bill Gates had a strong desire and passion for computers. Even when he was flagged as a threat to internet security by making a virus, he did not give up his desire to be an icon in computing world. Actually, Gates was forced to keep off computers for a whole year because of his cyber threat. He once again took the chance to work with computers when he went to Harvard University and made an innovation, which was named BASIC interpreter (â€Å"Bill Gates†). Despite his strong desire for computers, he demonstrated strong mental strength in obeying the rules. Again, he went ahead to learn more about computers and became one of the most successful men in the world of

Deathography Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Deathography - Essay Example The patient remained in palliative care for approximately four weeks before he passed away. It is his passing away that left a deep impression on me during my stint in palliative care and the reason fro my choice on reflecting on death and my experiences with death as a part of experiential learning that will be very useful to me in my career as nursing professional (Fowler, 2008). The significance of handling death and its implications to a nursing professional lies in the understanding that among all the health care professionals it is the professionals that are most immediate to the patients in end of life situations and can provide the care, comfort and counsel to such patients and their families (Dickinson, 2007). I had met the Catholic priest for the first time, when he was admitted into palliative care. Thoughts run through my mind, as to why this brief period of knowing and caring for the priest was to affect me so much. The most probable answer that I can find lies in the understanding of this provided by Tan et al, 200g. According to Tan et al 2006, p.17 â€Å"Nurses are at the forefront of caring for dying patients in hospices, nursing homes, acute-care hospitals, and patients’ homes† and â€Å"felt it reminded them of their own mortality, made them treasure life However, the passing away of the Catholic priest was not the first time that I was deeply affected by death. This occurred in my late teens, when my cousin, who was also my best friend and companion, passed away. This was not my first experience of death and my first brush with death did not leave me with grief and a sense of loss, as the death of my cousin did. My first experience of death in my family was the passing away of my grandmother, when I was five years old. I have hardly any memories of interaction with my grandmother, as she was quite sickly. Her passing away created no sadness in me. I cried when

Paraphrase 2 body paragraphs Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Paraphrase 2 body paragraphs - Essay Example During the leadership of her husband, she assisted him greatly. She was strong in supporting her husband and the government (â€Å"Eleanor Roosevelt†). Very notably, she was very active in many human rights activities. We see that the challenges of her life did not stop her from being a hero since she had extraordinary mental strength. Truly, Bill Gates had a strong desire and passion for computers. Even when he was flagged as a threat to internet security by making a virus, he did not give up his desire to be an icon in computing world. Actually, Gates was forced to keep off computers for a whole year because of his cyber threat. He once again took the chance to work with computers when he went to Harvard University and made an innovation, which was named BASIC interpreter (â€Å"Bill Gates†). Despite his strong desire for computers, he demonstrated strong mental strength in obeying the rules. Again, he went ahead to learn more about computers and became one of the most successful men in the world of

Nursing Research websites Part 2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Nursing Research websites Part 2 - Essay Example gs, 4) collating all evidences and formulating recommendation, 5) putting recommendation into practice, and 6) determining the effects of the application (Oncology Nursing Society). Evidence-based medicine (EBM) and evidence-based nursing (EBN) are subsets of evidence-based practice (EBP). They both need the skill to sift among the very vast information available, and pick out which ones are important for the situation at hand. Both of them aim to alleviate the condition of the patient by planning work-up by integrating findings from appropriate studies and health professional’s expertise and patient wishes. In fact, based on the steps in EBM provided by Donald (2002) and comparing them with the steps of EBN described above, they seem to be very similar. Despite the similarities of EBM and EBN, there are differences as well. First, since physicians are primarily tasked to plan and to provide treatment and therapy to their patients, EBM mostly deals with the biomedical aspect of healthcare. For example, doctors might try to find evidence of the effectiveness of a treatment option on certain subpopulations (Donald, 2002), probably having the same demographics as the patient in hand. In effect, EBM becomes much more crucial since doctor’s decisions are more likely a matter of life and death for the patient. It allows individualization of therapy, resulting to less adverse risks and more positive outcomes during recovery. On the other hand, nurses are most likely expected to enact some of the instructions of the doctors, and to provide what McSherry described as a holistic biopsychosocial care to the patients. Distribution of meals, ensuring medicine intake, monitoring vital signs, and probably providing an environment conducive for the recovery of patients are just some of the nurses’ roles. Thus, although important, their decisions may not be as crucial as that of the doctors’, who determine what kind of foods are allowed to the patient, and what

Dell Essay Example for Free

Dell Essay 4. Is Dell’s strategy working? What is your assessment of the financial performance that Dell’s strategy has delivered during fiscal years 2000-2008? Use the financial ratios presented in the Appendix of the text (pages 240-241) as a basis for doing your calculations and drawing conclusions about Dell’s performance. Selected Financial Statement Data for Dell Inc., Fiscal Years 2000 – 2008 (in million, except per share data) | February 1, 2008| February 2, 2007| February 3, 2006| January 28, 2005| January 30, 2004| February 1, 2002| January 28, 2000| Results of Operations| | | | | | | | Net Revenue| 61,133| 57,420| 55,788| 49,121| 41,327| 31,168| 25,265| Cost of Revenue| 49,462| 47,904| 45,897| 40,103| 33,764| 25,661| 20,047| Gross Margin| 11,671| 9,516| 9,891| 9,018| 7,563| 5,507| 5,218| Gross Profit Margin| 19. 1%| 16.6%| 17.7%| 18.4%| 18.3%| 17.7%| 20.7%| Operating Expenses| | | | | | | | + Selling, general and administrative| 7,538| 5,948| 5,051| 4,352| 3,604| 2,784| 2,387| + Research, development and engineering| 693| 498| 458| 460| 434| 452| 374| + Special charges| -| -| -| -| -| 482| 194| Total operating expenses| 8,231| 6,446| 5,509| 4,812| 4,038| 3,718| 2,955| Total operating expenses as a % of net revenues| 13.5%| 11.2%| 9.9%| 9.8%| 9.8%| 10.4%| 10.9%| Operating Income| 3,440| 3,070| 4,382| 4,206| 3,525| 1,789| 2,263| Operating profit margin| 5.6%| 5.3%| 7.9%| 8.6%| 8.5%| 5.7%| 9.0%| Investment and other income (loss), net| 387| 275| 226| 197| 186| (58)| 188| Income before income taxes extraordinary loss, and cumulative effect of change in accounting principle| 3,827| 3,345| 4,608| 4,403| 3,711| 1,731| 2,451| Provision for income taxes| 880| 762| 1,006| 1,385| 1,086| 485| 785| Net Income| 2,947| 2,583| 3,602| 3,018| 2,625| 1,246| 1,666| Net profit margin| 4.8%| 4.5%| 6.5%| 6.1%| 6.4%| 4.0%| 6.6%| Earnings per common share: Basic| 1.33| 1.15| 1.50| 1.20|  1.02| 0.48| 0.66| Diluted| 1.31| 1.14| 1.47| 1.18| 1.01| 0.46| 0.61| Weighted average shares outstanding: Basic| 2,223| 2,255| 2,403| 2,509| 2,565| 2,602| 2,536| Diluted| 2,247| 2,271| 2,449| 2,568| 2,619| 2,726| 2,728| | | | | | | | | Cash Flow and Balance Sheet Data| | | | | | | | Net cash provided by operating activities| 3,949| 3,969| 4,751| 5,821| 3,670| 3,797| 3,926| Cash, cash equivalents, and short-term investments| 7,972| 10,298| 9,070| 9,807| 11,922| 8,287| 6,853| Total assets| 27,561| 25,635| 23,252| 23,215| 19,311| 13,535| 11,560| Long-term debt| 362| 569| 625| 505| 505| 520| 508| Total stockholders equity| 3,735| 4,328| 4,047| 6,485| 6,280| 4,694| 5,308| Profitability Ratios | January 28, 2000| February 1, 2002| January 30, 2004| January 28, 2005| February 3, 2006| February 2, 2007| February 1, 2008| Gross Profit Margin| 20.7%| 17.7%| 18.3%| 18.4%| 17.7%| 16.6%| 19.1%| Operating Profit Margin| 9.0%| 5.7%| 8.5%| 8.6%| 7.9%| 5.3%| 5.6%| Net Profit Margin| 6.6%| 4.0%| 6.4%| 6.1%| 6.5%| 4.5%| 4.8%| The chart shows the Profitability Ratios of Dell from 2000 to 2008. In general, from 2000 to 2008, the profit of Dell was quite stable. As we can see, Dell’s strategy is still working and makes a lot of money for Dell every year. However, there was no remarkable increase. The net profit margin has been about 5% during Fiscal Years 2000 – 2008. | January 28, 2000| February 1, 2002| January 30, 2004| January 28, 2005| February 3, 2006| February 2, 2007| February 1, 2008| Return on total assets (ROA)| 14.4%| 9.2%| 13.6%| 13.0%| 15.5%| 10.1%| 10.7%| Return on Stockholders Equity (ROE)| 31.4%| 26.5%| 41.8%| 46.5%|  89.0%| 59.7%| 78.9%| Return on invested capital (ROI)| 28.6%| 23.9%| 38.7%| 43.2%| 77.1%| 52.7%| 71.9%| The chart indicates ROA, ROE and ROI of Dell from 2000 to 2008. From 2000 to 2008, ROA has been stable because Dell built a lot of manufactory. However, ROE and ROI had very impressive increase since 2000. In 2006, ROE reached the peak 89% and ROI reached the peak 77.1%. It proved that Dell has used the monetary capital invested in its operations and the returns to those investments very effectively. | January 28, 2000| February 1, 2002| January 30, 2004| January 28, 2005| February 3, 2006| February 2, 2007| February 1, 2008| Long term debt to capital ratio| 0.09| 0.10| 0.07| 0.07| 0.13| 0.12| 0.09| Long term debt to equity ratio| 0.10| 0.11| 0.08| 0.08| 0.15| 0.13| 0.10| The chart shows 2 leverage ratios of Dell: Long-term debt to capital ratio and long term debt to equity ratio. These ratios are quite important because they measure creditworthiness and balance sheet strength. As we can see, all the ratios were very low, under 0.2 which had very good effect to the creditworthiness and balance sheet strength. Besides that, they could also help Dell to borrow additional funds if needed. In conclusion: Through the analysis, we can say that Dell’s strategy is still effective. It helps Dell to earn a lot of money every year. However, although Dell has gained profit during Fiscal Years 2000 – 2008, there was no remarkable increase in profit and it seemed to be stable. Dell’s strategy has been very successful when it helped the company to control the cost very well and run the company very smoothly. 5. What does a SWOT analysis reveal about the attractiveness of Dell’s situation in 2008? Dell SWOT analysis Strengths: * World’s largest PC maker. * One of the best known brands in the world. * First PC maker to offer next-day, on-site product service. * Direct to customer business model. Uses latest technology. * Dell has remarkably low operating cost relative to revenue because it cuts out the retailer and supplies directly to the customers. * Dell’s Direct Model approach enables the company to offer direct relationships with customers such as corporate and institutional customers. * Dell’s direct customer allows it to provide top-notch customer service before and after the sale. * Each Dell system is built to order to meet each customer’s specifications. Reliability, Service and Support. * Dell boasts a very efficient procurement, manufacturing and distribution process allowing it to offer customers powerful systems at competitive prices. * Dell is able to introduce the latest relevant technology compared to companies using the indirect distribution channels. * Dell is not a manufacturer; Components are made by the suppliers and Dell assembles the computers using relatively cheap labor. The finished goods are then dropped off with the customer by courier. Dell has total command of the supply chain. * Dell turns over inventory for an average of every six days, keeping inventory costs low. * Dell is enhancing and broadening the fundamental competitive advantages of the direct model by increasingly applying the efficiencies of the Internet to its entire business. Weakness: * A huge range of products and components from many suppliers from various countries. * Computer maker and not the computer manufacturer, making DELL unable to switch supply. * Dell lacked solid dealer / retailer relationships. * No propriety technology * Not attracting the college student segment of the market. Dell’s sales revenue from educational institutions such as colleges only accounts for a merely 5% of the total. * Dell’s focus on the corporate and government institutional customers somehow affected its ability to form relationships  with educational institutions. * For home users, Dell’s direct method and customization approach posed problems. For one, customers cannot go to retailers because Dell does not use distribution channels. * Customers just can’t buy Dell as simply as other brands because each product is custom-built according to their specifications and this might take days to finish. Opportunities: * Diversification strategy by introducing many new products to its range. * Personal computers are becoming a necessity now more than ever. Customers are getting more and more educated about computers. Second-time buyers would most likely avail of Dell’s custom-built computers because as their knowledge grows, so do their need to experiment or use some additional computer features. * The internet also provides Dell with greater opportunities since all they have to do now is to visit Dell’s website to place their order or to get information. * Since Dell does not have retail stores, the online stores would surely make up for its absence. It is also more convenient for customers to shop online than to actually drive and do purchase at a physical store. Threats: * Competitive rivalry that exists in the PC market globally. * New entrants to the market pose potential threats. * The threat to become outmoded is a pulsating reality in a computer business. * Price difference among brands is getting smaller. * Dell’s Direct Model attracts customers because it saves cost. Since other companies are able to offer computers at low costs, this could threaten Dell’s price-conscious growing customer base. * With almost identical prices, price difference is no longer an issue for a customer. They might choose other brands instead of waiting for Dell’s customized computers. * The growth rate of the computer industry is also slowing down. Today, Dell has the biggest share of the market. If the demand slows down, the competition will become stiffer in the process. Dell has to work doubly hard to differentiate itself from its substitutes to be able to continue holding a significant market share. = Technological advancement is a double-edge sword. It is an opportunity but at the same time a threat. Low-cost leadership strategy is no longer an issue to computer companies therefore it is important for Dell to stand out from the rest. 6. Which company is competitively stronger—Dell or Hewlett-Packard? Use the weighted competitive strength assessment methodology shown in Table 4.2 of Chapter 4 to support your answer.

The Strength Of Destination: Jamaica

The Strength Of Destination: Jamaica To effectively manage and market destination Jamaica for visitors appeal, close attention is required as it relates to the advertising and selling of the destination likewise the maintenance of the tourism product to attract visitors. Promote special events that can attract visitors throughout the year and enhance the image of the destination overseas. The Jamaica Tourist Board can promote special events like Reggae Summer Festival and Jazz and Blues Concert. These events attract thousands of international visitors from all over the world annually. However through this market our music is marketed throughout the world and has put reggae music atop the charts internationally. This special event has also attracted artist, producers, promoters and visitors which increase the number of visitors entering the country within that given period. Exploit the advantages of internet technology to market Jamaica. There are different reasons why people exploit the internet technology to advertise and market a destination or a distinctive product. One of the major advantages is that advertising on the internet is cost efficient and is more conducive to users of the World Wide Web. Millions of people are online each day and therefore they can view advertisements whenever they want. In addition, it allows for target marketing which is more effective on the internet than anywhere else. Likewise, internet marketing allows for interaction and feedback from viewers through surveys, reports, tweets etc. and therefore this also help to overcome barriers of distance. Promote a greater awareness locally of the importance of tourism in the Jamaica economy through the local communication programs. The Jamaica Tourist Board can assist local residence of the significance of becoming more aware of tourism in the Jamaica economy by launching a Jamaica tourism awareness program that will not only educate locals about tourism but also inform them about the importance of preserving the environment for sustainable development. The importance of tourism in the Jamaica economy can be brought across to locals through other forms of communication programs such as seminars, workshops and cultural trade shows. Promote Jamaica to Jamaicans The program that is used to promote Jamaica to Jamaicans is called experience Jamaica. Although we are citizens of the beautiful destination Jamaica not very often do we explore the opportunities of experiencing the different aspects of tourism offered throughout destination Jamaica due to cost constrain. However this program is designed with the aim of giving locals such privileges. All attractions and special hotels within the destination is packaged at a special reduce rate and sold to locals allowing them the opportunity to experience Jamaica affordably. Achieve a greater integration with Jamaica Vacation and Jamaica Reservation Service so that the combined efforts of these agencies will have full impact on the market place. The Jamaica Vacation is the company that is responsible for getting airlift into the country and likewise the Jamaica Reservation Service both companies combined together will ensure that visitors are secured for both airlift and hotel accommodation into the country. SWOT analysis of the techniques that were used in question 1. The SWOT analysis can simply be described as the strength, weakness, opportunities and threats which focus on the micro and macro environment. However, according to the Jamaica Tourist Board, the SWOT analysis is the fundamental strategy which is used to accentuate the positives, reduce the negatives as far as possible, exploit the opportunities, and at the same time, recognize the threats. STRENGTH OF DESTINATION JAMAICA The Flag, Jamaica flag is the most recognized throughout the world because of its unique combination of colours with each depicting a different significant meaning. Black, representing the hardship of the people of the nation. Green, the luscious mountains. And last but not least Gold, the magnificent sunshine. The Climate: unlike other countries that experience snow and weather of different kind, destination Jamaica is blessed to have tropical weather all year round which attract visitor to our island. The Language: Jamaica is the premier English speaking destination throughout the Caribbean with a blend of creole which is so unique that all visitors who are vacationing in Jamaica will want to learn the language. The Geographic Location: Jamaica on the Greater Antilles is situated 150 kilometers south of Cuba and 160 kilometers west of Haiti. Jamaica is the largest of the West Indian island. It has an area of 11,424 square kilometers, and is 243 kilometers long. Jamaica is in close proximity to the United States. Special Events: Jamaica host some of the best events throughout the year such as Jamaica jazz and blues festival in the month of January, Bob Marley Birthday Celebrations in the month of February, Soul Rebellion Spring Break Party held in March, Trelawny Yam Festival in April, 20th Annual Jamaica Product Exchange (JAPEX) in May, Ocho Rios Jazz Festival in June, Portland Jerk Festival in July, Mello-Go-Round, Independence and Emancipation Celebration in August, Wine and Food Festival in September, Jamaica Product Exchange 11 in October, Port Royal Music Festival and Restaurant Week in November and New Years Harbour Festival and Fireworks in December. This goes to show some of the most popularly listed events that attract visitors to destination Jamaica on numerous occasions throughout the year. Accessibility: Destination Jamaica is easily accessible by air at anyone of our three international airports. Donald Sangsters International Airport in Montego Bay. Norman Manley International Airport in Kingston and the Ian Flemings International Airport in Boscobel. It is also accessible by land and by sea at anyone of our three cruise ship pier whether it is Montego Bay, Falmouth or Ocho Rios. Easily Trained Staff: wherever we go we easily adapt to changes and do not require much training to effectively carry out a given task. Culture: The rich and diverse culture and heritage of Jamaica is renowned throughout the world. Jamaica multicultural history is best summarized in the national motto: Out of many, one people. Tourism Product: the 3 S which makes up the tourism product sun, sea and sand. Agricultural opportunities: According to the Jamaica observer published April 30, 2009 Jamaica outstanding performance at the Beijing Olympics brought new focus on Jamaican food yam and tubers in particular which in some quarter was credited for Usain Bolts meteoric and historic achievements. In addition, imploring investors to take advantage of the opportunity to invest in Jamaica. Culture and historical heritage: Jamaica culture and historical heritage aptly describes the music, cuisine, tradition, art and clothing, religion and folk lore. Bauxite and Alumina: considered the most important sector of Jamaican economy accounting for about 10% GDP, Enabling Jamaica to become the leading bauxite producer in the world. Renewable energy sources supply: The country has the advantages of utilizing renewable energy sources which comprise wind energy, solar thermal, wave energy and gas from animal waste just to name a few. Focus on prudent fiscal management: maintain fiscal records and procedures of the agency that provides protection for the resources of the agency as well as records and procedures which generate economy effectiveness and operation efficiency. Tax Administration Development Airlift, including the national airline Caribbean Airline formerly Air Jamaica WEAKNESS OF DESTINATION JAMAICA Image in the market place, unsafe destination Insufficient schedule air service from some markets for example Europe Lack of man-made attractions/development of natural attractions Lack of enough large facilities to adequately host large meetings and conventions over 300 people Crime and culture of indiscipline and lawlessness Poor human rights system Poor representation of electors Low literacy and poor school governance Poverty economic dependence Inefficient court system High cost of energy Poor organization of small businesses Unfriendly tax policies Political systems Inefficient Bureaucracy Poor infrastructure Inaccessible garrison communities OPPORTUNITIES OF DESTINATION JAMAICA Global recovery increased markets Import substitutions opportunities Renewable energy opportunities Poor structure and dependency means greater opportunities to grow Public sector rationalization Tax reform and simplification Domestic tourism Cruise passengers as potential stopovers THREATS OF DESTINATION JAMAICA Pollution of Environment Visitors Harassment Global Recovery inflation, higher interest rates Rising oil and commodity prices Focus on more investor friendly emerging economies upcoming elections fiscal appetite for revenue Inadequate Health Care The value of the Tourism Marketing Plan The Tourism Marketing Plan, establish growth based on a sustainable market position in line with market trends which helps to enhance the visitors experience through mobilizing investment by increasing the types and quality of attractions. This gives awareness in the market place. The marketing plan may be part of the business plan. A solid marketing strategy is the foundation of a well written marketing plan. Thus the value of the plan is to provide a strategic vision for the development of the industry and a framework through which that strategic vision can be realized. Three processes involved in developing the Tourism Marketing Plan Introduction: set out the main theme of the Tourism Marketing Plan. It starts with a discussion of what constitute sustainable tourism development and then outline the main strategic objectives of the marketing plan and the measure designed to achieve them. Sustainable Tourism: the aim of the marketing plan to move the industry on a path of sustainability which includes a key finding of the Diagnostic and Strategic options. Strategic Objectives: to ensure consensus of the future direction of the industry and the strategic objectives set for it. The diagnostic and strategic options report set out three strategic options for planning the future growth of the industry. The three options are: Accelerating growth so that tourism can play the lead role in economic development envisaged in the national industrial policy (NIP) with particular regard to serving as a lead sector of the economy earning foreign exchange and creating employment. Enhancing visitors experience, through developing and satisfying diversifying the product, to improve the long term competitive positioning of the industry and to achieve self-sustaining growth based on word- of mouth referrals and high repeat visitors. Achieving sustainability through improving socio-economic integration, by putting communities at the Centre of the tourism planning process and by helping to preserve Jamaicas rich heritage of the national and built environment and its unique history and culture. Five external organizations that could assist the Jamaica Tourist Board with implementation of a Destination Marketing Plan Immunology: Techniques and Functions Immunology: Techniques and Functions a) Acquired resistance The efficient and protective response against dermatophytosis is a cell-mediated response of the DTH, characterized namely by the action of macrophages as effector cells, interferon-ÃŽ ± secretion from type 1 T-helper lymphocytes and by some key cytokines like interferon-ÃŽ ³ (IFN-ÃŽ ³). Immune detection and chemotaxis occur via low-molecular weight chemotactic factors or alternative complement pathway activation. However, the immune response that is raised, and especially the degree of inflammation, varies according to the dermatophyte species, the host species and the pathophysiological status of the host.26 In general, the zoophilic species cause more inflammatory infections which may heal spontaneously and result in relative resistance to reinfection. The anthropophilic species usually cause more chronic, less circumscribed infections which result in less resistance to reinfection.26 b) Hypersensitivity (Trichophytin Reaction) The trichophytin reaction is the term used for cutaneous hypersensitivity to dermatophyte antigens injected intradermally in humans. Both immediate- and delayed-type reactions occur, but the latter is most often associated with infection.26 Trichophyton species can be isolated from patients with deep-seated trichophytosis in a liquid medium consisting of beef extract, peptone, and maltose. After 2 to 3 months at room temperature, the growth is ground and filtered.26 In patients with deep-seated trichophytosis, parenteral injection of trichophytin caused signs and symptoms analogous to those induced in tuberculous patients by injection of tuberculin: general toxic reactions including elevated temperature, perspiration, loss of appetite, headache, and pain in the joints. There was inflammation, formation of pustules, and burning at the injection site.26 Dermatophytid reactions (4–5% of patients) are inflammatory eczematous allergic skin reactions at sites distant from primary fungal infection. Being KOH and culture negative, it is associated with a DTH response to trichophytin test and may involve a local DTH response to systemically absorbedfungal antigen.26 c) Antibodies; Antibody formation does not seem to be protective. The dermatophyteantigen is thought to be processed by epidermal Langerhans cells and presented in local lymph nodes to T lymphocytes which proliferate, migrate to the infected site, and produce inflammation. The epidermal barrier becomes permeable to transferring and migrating cells leading to spontaneous resolution of lesions. Trichophytin skin test is now positive and clearing of second infection will be more rapid. Rivalier showed that a dermatophytic infection in humans results in a relative resistance to subsequent infection called‘le phenomene de la reaction acceleree’or‘le phenomene de Bruno Bloch’, mainly by the inflammatory forms (kerion), caused by zoophilic species, but not always follow the more chronic anthropophilic infections. Fungi which do not invade the hair follicle do not seem to give rise to an equivalent immunity when growing in the horny layer of the smooth skin. In contrast, a study c ould not demonstrate such acquired immunity in experimentalT. rubruminfection of smooth skin.26 d) Non-Specific Resistance Natural defenses against dermatophytes depend on immunological and nonimmunological mechanisms. Many nonspecific factors may account for natural resistance to infection. It is mainly related to the serum factor, a fungistatic substance in serum of normal individuals and animals. This factor is believed to limit the growth of the dermatophytes to the keratinized layers, i.e., prevent their invasion of living tissues.26 Host factors that help limiting the infection to keratinized tissue include their preference for cooler skin temperatures than the normal body temperature, serum inhibitory factors(beta-globulins, ferritin and other metal chelators) binding to iron essential for growth of dermatophytes. Unsaturated transferrin inhibits the growth of dermatophytes by binding to the hyphae. A growth modifying, ÃŽ ±2 macroglobulin keratin inhibitor, has also been identified in serum. The natural resistance of scalp to 1. Direct Microscopic Examination Direct microscopy provides an early and reasonably reliable method of diagnosing or excluding fungal infections. Potassium Hydroxide (KOH) preparation Direct mounts are made by mixing a small portion of the material in 2-3 drops of 10% KOH on a microscope slide. A cover slip is placed over KOH specimen and the slide is gently heated. The slide is allowed to cool and ‘ripen’ for few minutes before examination. The KOH ‘cleans’ the specimen by digesting proteinaceous debris, bleaching pigments and loosening sclerotic material without damaging fungus, making hyphal forms easier to see. The slides are examined under bright field microscope with low condenser, first under 10x and then under 40x. The hyphae stand out as highly refractile long undulating branched septate threads. At times these hyphae fragment into rounded or barrel shaped arthrospores. The arthrospores are outside the hair shaft in chains in a mosaic pattern or intrapilar depending on the species involved and whether it is endothrix or ectothrix. 20% KOH are used for nail samples. In case the nails do not soften satisfactorily, the slide may be kept in an incubator at 370C for 1 hour. Hair should be examined as soon as possible after mounting. Some modifications of KOH preparation Addition of 5% glycerin to 25% KOH or NaOH prevents desiccation. 20% KOH dissolved in 40% DMSO helps in rapid penetration and maceration of tissue without resorting to heating.36 Addition of Parker Superchrome Blue-black ink to KOH solution selectively colors the hyphae making them more prominent. Sodium sulphide may also be used as a clearing agent. Eosin 1% may be added to KOH to stain the keratin. It lends a pinkish background while fungal elements remain unstained.37 Modified Parker’s ink and 1% Eosin method: Eosin 1% is added to Parker’s ink in 2:1 proportion. The mixture is painted over the affected site and allowed to dry. Apply cellophane tape, gently press, remove it, stick over glass slide and observe under microscope. Background stains pink and fungal elements stain blue. 2. Calcofluor white stain Calcofluor white is a fluorescent brightener which selectively binds to chitin and cellulose in the fungal cell wall. It fluoresces light blue color when exposed to ultraviolet light (346-365nm). 3. Acridine Orange38 A drop of 0.01% acridine orange may be added to KOH and observed under fluorescent microscope. 4. PAS (Periodic Acid Schiff)38 Nail clipping stained with PAS is more rewarding as compared to KOH wet mount. The polysaccharides of fungi are oxidized by periodic acid to form aldehyde groups that yield magenta coloured compound with Schiff’s fuchsin sulfide. 5. Gomori Methenamine Silver Stain38 This stain works on the principle of liberation of aldehyde groups and their subsequent identification by reduced silver method. The aldehyde reduces methenamine silver nitrate complex resulting in brown black staining fungal cell wall due to deposition of reduced silver wherever aldehydes are located. Culture The most common media used for the isolation of dermatophytes is Sabourauds Dextrose agar with chloramphenicol and cycloheximide to inhibit bacterial and saprobic fungal contamination, incubated at three temperatures i.e., 250 C, 300C and 370C Dermatophyte test medium (DTM) is used for the presumptive identification of dermatophytes. On incubation at 250C, the dermatophyte test media turns red due to change in color of the indicator phenol red by increased pH through their metabolic activity while most fungi do not.38 Potato flakes agar amended with cycloheximide and chloramphenicol is available as Rapid Sporulating Medium to promote rapid conidiation and colony pigmentation.39 SDA with 1% thiamine can be used for sporulation. The media should be inoculated and kept at room temperature for minimum of weeks. Sporulation usually occurs in 7 – 10 days. Some stains like T.verrucosum may take longer and some stains of T.tonsurans grow better when incubated at 370 C. Identification Identification is based on Colony characteristics in pure culture on SDA Microscopic morphology 1. Colony characteristics39 In observing gross colony morphology, note the color of the surface and the reverse of the colony, the texture of the surface (powdery, granular, wooly, cottony, velvety or glabrous) the topography (elevation, folding, margins, etc.,) and the rate of growth. 2. Microscopic morphology The appearance and arrangement of the conidia and other structures may be determined by tease mounts or slide culture preparation mounted on lactophenol cotton blue. Sometimes special media like corn meal agar, potato glucose agar, lactrimel agar, rapid sporulation medium may be required to stimulate sporulation. a. Tease mount (Lactophenol Cotton Blue) For preparing a mount, a portion of fungal fragment is removed with a spud and is teased on a glass slide in a drop of LCB stain using 2 teasing needles. A cover slip is placed and examined under the microscope. b. Slide culture Microscopic structures are beautifully preserved for study in fine details. A microscopic slide is placed on a bent glass rod at the bottom of a petri dish along with 1-2 cover slips and a filter paper. Petri dishes are closed with their lid, wrapped with craft paper and sterilized using hot air oven. Block of 1x2cm of Sabourauds agar poured into petri dishes up to a depth of 4mm is cut using sterile scalpel blade. The block is transferred to the surface of the glass slide. The agar block is inoculated at four sides using the fungal strain to be identified. The inoculated block is covered with sterile cover slip and incubated at 250 C. A little sterile distilled water is added on the filter paper to avoid drying of agar. When growth appears, a drop of LCB is placed on a slide and cover slip from block is placed over it. Likewise drop of stain is placed on glass slide of the slide culture after removing agar block; fresh cover slip is applied over it and is examined under the microsco pe.38,40 c. Scotch Tape Technique A 4 cm strip of scotch tape No. 800 is looped back on itself with the adhesive side out and held between the thumb and index finger. The adhesive side is pressed firmly to the surface of the fungal colony. It is gently pulled and is placed in a small drop of LCB on a microscopic slide. Physiological tests 1. In vitro hair perforation test This is performed to differentiate between T.mentagrophytes and T.rubrum as well as M.canis and M.equinum. This test is taken positive when dermatophyte species show wedge shaped perforation in hair. It is positive in T.mentagrophytes and M.canis. 2. Urease Test Is done on Christensen’s medium. T.mentagrophytes hydrolyze urea thereby turns medium red while T.rubrum shows negative result. 3. Special nutritional requirements The method employs a casamino acids basal medium i.e., vitamin free [Trichophyton agar, (T1)] and to which various vitamins are added i.e., inositol (T2), thiamine + inositol (T3), thiamine (T4), and nicotinic acid (T5). In addition, the series includes an ammonium nitrate basal medium (T6) to which histidine is added (T7). After inoculation, incubated at room temperature or 370C (if T.verrucosum is suspected) and read after 7 and 14 days. The amount of growth is graded from 0-4+. 4. Growth on Polished Rice Grains This is a useful test for differentiating M.audouinii from M.canis and from other dermatophytes that typically grow and sporulate on rice grains. 5. Temperature tolerance and temperance enhancement Used for distinguishing T.mentagrophytes complex from T.terrestre, T.mentagrophytes from M.persicolor and T.verrucosum from T.schoenleinii. At 370 C, members of T.mentagrophytes complex show good result whereas T.terrestre does not grow and M.persicolor generally grows poorly or not at all; growth of T.verrucosum and T.soudanense is enhanced but that of T.schoenleinii and M.ferruginum is not. 6. Hair bait technique This technique is used for the isolation of geophilic species like M.gypseum from soil. Immunodiagnosis38 Skin tests with dermatophyte antigen trichophytin are used for the diagnosis of dermatophytosis. Trichophytin is a crude extract from dermatophytes producing positive delayed type hypersensitivity in most of the adults. The patients without delayed type reaction are more susceptible to chronic dermatophytosis. Serological tests Various serological tests like immunodiffusion are done to establish the diagnosis of dermatophytosis. Animal pathogenicity It is done on guinea pigs. M.canis, M.gypseum and T.mentagrophytes may be established more readily in laboratory animals as compared to other species. It is done for studying nature of lesions and immunity produced by the organism. Molecular Identification Techniques Methods used are largely based on arbitrarily primed PCR or restriction fragment length polymorphism generated from PCR products. An oligonucleotide probe for T.rubrum has been developed. Nested PCR targeting Chitin Synthase I (CHSI) gene in skin and hair specimen of patients clinically suspected with dermatophytosis is used.41

The Galvanic Skin Response :: essays research papers

The Galvanic Skin Response The simple psycho-galvanometer was one of the earliest tools of psychological research. A psycho-galvanometer measures the resistance of the skin to the passage of a very small electric current. It has been known for decades that the magnitude of this electrical resistance is affected, not only by the subject's general mood, but also by immediate emotional reactions. Although these facts have been known for over a hundred years and the first paper to be presented on the subject of the psycho-galvanometer was written by Tarchanoff in 1890, it has only been within the last 25 years that the underlying causes of this change in skin resistance have been discovered. The Tarchanoff Response is a change in DC potential across neurones of the autonomic nervous system connected to the sensori-motor strip of the cortex. This change was found to be related to the level of cortical arousal. The emotional charge on a word, heard by a subject, would have an immediate effect on the subject's level of arousal, and cause this physiological response. Because the hands have a particularly large representation of nerve endings on the sensori-motor strip of the cortex, hand-held electrodes are ideal. As arousal increases, the "fight or flight" stress response of the autonomic nervous system comes into action, and adrenaline causes increased sweating amongst many other phenomena, but the speed of sweating response is nowhere near as instantaneous or accurate as the Tarchanoff response. The most advanced layers of the cortex, unique to Man, link to the thumb and forefinger especially, and there is a further complex physiological response which occurs when the forebrain is aroused. Changes in Alpha rhythms cause blood capillaries to enlarge, and this too affects resistance. By virtue of the Galvanic Skin Response, autonomic nervous system activity causes a change in the skin's conductivity. The overall degree of arousal of the hemispheres, and indeed the whole brain, is shown by the readings of the GSR psychometer, which does not differentiate between the hemispheres, or between cortical and primitive brain responses. Higher arousal (such as occurs with increased involvement) will almost instantaneously (0.2 - 0.5 sec) cause a fall in skin resistance; reduced arousal (such as occurs with withdrawal) will cause a rise in skin resistance. Thus a rise or fall relates directly to reactive arousal, due to re-stimulation of repressed mental conflict. Initially this may cause a rise in resistance as this emerging, previously repressed, material is fought against.

Dr. King

In 1963, after a protest in Birmingham calling attention to the need for equal rights for African Americans, the Reverend Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. wrote an open letter to the coalition of Christian ministers in the American South.   Dr. King found himself the subject of extreme criticism from his fellow clergymen for his protest, specifically the illegality of the   protest. In his essay, Dr. King attempts to appeal to the ethical, emotional and logical sides of countrymen to show them that the laws that he was breaking were unfair and unjust in and of themselves. This paper will critically examine the appeals that Dr. King made and the effectiveness of those appeals.Dr. King begins his argument in favor of his actions with an appeal to the ethical considerations of his audience. â€Å"Since I feel that you are men of genuine good will and that your criticisms are sincerely set forth, I want to try to answer your statement in what I hope will be patient and reasonable terms,â €  (King 1963).   He begins by telling his audience that he respects their motives and hopes that they will respect his.This is an important part of the ethical argument in that King wants immediately to establish that this was not a rash action and that he is not defending himself lightly. Next, he seeks to establish his own credentials and his right to be in Birmingham. King mentions that people in Birmingham have complained of his coming in as an outsider and he immediately wants to clarify that he was invited in.â€Å"I have the honor of serving as president of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference, an organization operating in every southern state, with headquarters in Atlanta, Georgia. We have some eighty five affiliated organizations across the South, and one of them is the Alabama Christian Movement for Human Rights. Frequently we share staff, educational and financial resources with our affiliates.Several months ago the affiliate here in Birmingham asked us to be on call to engage in a nonviolent direct action program if such were deemed necessary. We readily consented, and when the hour came we lived up to our promise. So I, along with several members of my staff, am here because I was invited here. I am here because I have organizational ties here† (King 1963)By first establishing that his organization has ties in Birmingham and that he was invited, King dismisses the idea that he is just an outside rebel rouser. After establishing his right to be there, king establishes the authority under which his ethical decisions will be made. â€Å"Just as the prophets of the eighth century B.C. left their villages and carried their â€Å"thus saith the Lord† far beyond the boundaries of their home towns, and just as the Apostle Paul left his village of Tarsus and carried the gospel of Jesus Christ to the far corners of the Greco Roman world, so am I compelled to carry the gospel of freedom beyond my own home town,† (King 1963) . King calls to mind the ethical standard by which he wants to be judged: the Bible and his faith. Finally, King argues why his action is ethically justified.â€Å"Moreover, I am cognizant of the interrelatedness of all communities and states. I cannot sit idly by in Atlanta and not be concerned about what happens in Birmingham. Injustice anywhere is a threat to justice everywhere,† (King 1963). With this argument he points out the ethical concern that most directly led to the Birmingham protest, injustice.King also appeals to the emotions of his audience. â€Å"Then, last September, came the opportunity to talk with leaders of Birmingham's economic community. In the course of the negotiations, certain promises were made by the merchants–for example, to remove the stores' humiliating racial signs.† (King 1963). He begins by gently reminding them of the racial humiliation that was an integral part of the South at the time. Next, he moves onto the violence that th e average African American in the South had witness or heard.   And finally, he moves on to the emotional appeal of children, before turning the emotionally-charged words filled with hatred and familiar to all Southern â€Å"Negroes†.â€Å"But when you have seen vicious mobs lynch your mothers and fathers at will and drown your sisters and brothers at whim; when you have seen hate filled policemen curse, kick and even kill your black brothers and sisters†¦when you suddenly find your tongue twisted and your speech stammering as you seek to explain to your six year old daughter why she can't go to the public amusement park that has just been advertised on television, and see tears welling up in her eyes when she is told that Funtown is closed to colored children, and see ominous clouds of inferiority beginning to form in her little mental sky, and see her beginning to distort her personality by developing an unconscious bitterness toward white people; when you have to c oncoct an answer for a five year old son who is asking: â€Å"Daddy, why do white people treat colored people so mean?†; †¦when your first name becomes â€Å"nigger,† your middle name becomes â€Å"boy† (however old you are) and your last name becomes â€Å"John,† and your wife and mother are never given the respected title â€Å"Mrs.†; (King 1963)Throughout the essay, king also appeals to the logic of his audience. First, he points out that Southern blacks had attempted to sue the system, but that the system excluded them from it and therefore they could not change the system from within. Then, King begins to use statistics to back up his arguments, beginning first with the sheer lack of black voters in the South. â€Å"An unjust law is a code that a numerical or power majority group compels a minority group to obey but does not make binding on itself. This is difference made legal. By the same token, a just law is a code that a majority com pels a minority to follow and that it is willing to follow itself. This is sameness made legal. Let me give another explanation.A law is unjust if it is inflicted on a minority that, as a result of being denied the right to vote, had no part in enacting or devising the law. Who can say that the legislature of Alabama which set up that state's segregation laws was democratically elected? Throughout Alabama all sorts of devious methods are used to prevent Negroes from becoming registered voters, and there are some counties in which, even though Negroes constitute a majority of the population, not a single Negro is registered.† (King 1963). King also argues that unjust laws or just laws which are unjustly enforced must be changed and that people should take whatever action is reasonable to change them. By providing specific examples, he makes it hard for any logical person to disagree.Though King’s â€Å"I have a dream† speech is more famous than his â€Å"Letter F rom a Birmingham Jail†, it is in this essay that he sets the tone for the entire civil rights movement. In his use of emotional appeal, he moves beyond sheer anger to the disappointment and pain caused by segregation. His logical arguments are made soundly so that opponents cannot argue that he is simply hot-headed or breaking the law for the sake of personal gain. However, perhaps the most important and effective of his arguments come in his ethical arguments. When King illustrates gently, but with great strength, the unethical behavior that has led to the crisis in the South, he is non-accusatory and simply states how things ought to be. This above all else is what marks the greatness of this essay.